Types Of Negotiation:

Here we will basically discuss about negotiations affecting normal daily professional life, leaving aside hostage, marriage, piracy, abduction/kidnap ransom or any illegal trade or entry/exit negotiations. This means that the concerned matters will be above board and does not involve any hanky panky. There can be a. Bipartite Negotiations, ie. between two or more parties, viz: an employer and two or three employees' unions; b. Tripartite Negotiation, between two or three parties under the arrangement of a Government authority, say an employer, his two unions and the Labour Commissioner.

The Negotiation:

The parties decide to meet, discuss the points, make minutes of the meeting, resolve disputes, settle the terms and put their joint signatures as approval. Well, that sounds real easy. Trouble is, disputes are not settled that easily where monetary issues are at stake. Sensitive issues, prestige issues, seniority issues, gender issues are all fairly ticklish and stand out like a sore thumb even after days of meetings and deliberations. This is where the Art of Negotiation plays its significant role, to bring the warring parties together, meeting again and again and leading  towards a common goal, bringing in its wake mutual benefits, facilities and advantages. As a rule, before going to the discussion table, all likely objections from the opposite parties have to be taken into consideration and suitable contingency plans drawn up to clear out of a crisis situation. There should be a Plan-B if Plan-A fails, a Plan-C and so on. Normally bottlenecks and point of no return crops up when "prestige issues" take centre stage. To reverse out of such a 'Dead End" situation, the issue Must Not be closed. That is, repeat, the issue Must Be Kept Open. At the first opportunity, a next date should be fixed, preferably at another venue, maybe adding a specialist observer/ invitee or two.

Intricacies Of The Art Of Negotiation:

Bargaining for that extra special advantage can never be a Win-Win game. However, it should never be Win-Lose or Lose-Lose game either. The aim of any negotiation is to extract maximum leverage out of the crisis at hand, but definitely not at the cost of the other. This is where ethics of fair play, level playing field etc. come into reckoning. Therefore, the "quid pro quo" approach has to be adopted where you give something for getting something. This something for something approach is a sure key to the successful Art Of Negotiation. Remember, the discussion table is a place where one can always go for the jugular, but with caution. There is no point in burning one's bridges,'coz you never know when you may like to return back. Escape routes, open exits have always to be kept open and ready for Finding Appropriate Solutions at the end of the Negotiating table. In the end it is expected that some sureshot solution, favourable and acceptable to both parties will emerge. Even if amicable solutions and settlements are arrived at, it is always safe to keep a clause open for a "Review at the end of 3-years or 5-years", so that fresh irritants, if any, can be taken care of and the amicable and harmonious atmosphere continues.

Conclusion:

Negotiations are therefore not an end in itself, but only a means for long term good relationship in business, trade, border disputes, employer-employee disputes, government-opposition disputes, maritime and international disputes. Every day we are unconsciously negotiating this and that issue as a part of our normal lives but when we come to the negotiating table some kind of "stagefright" sets in and the issues get exagerated out of proportion. This is where the Art of Negotiation comes in, and takes its rightful place in society.

The bandwagon technique suggests that thousands of people patronize a product. It aims to make consumers realize that many are using a specific product so that they would also use it.

Scientific Experiments

This technique presents results of laboratory or scientific experiments to prove the effectiveness of a product.

Folk Belief

This technique is commonly used in election campaigns where a candidate is shown together with folk people, like the poor from the barrios, farmers, fisher folk, ordinary laborers—in short, the masses. Since the majority of the population belongs to this social stratum, more people tend to patronize products popular to the common folk.

Glittering Generalities and Hasty Generalizations

This technique presents a product in a “glittering” way such that consumers will be tempted to buy it. Even without proofs of any kind, superlatives like the cheapest, most popular, most effective, the best are used to promote a product. Many consumers readily believe these superlatives especially those who are unmindful or ignorant of the tricks of advertising.

Transfer Technique

This is the technique in which a famous person from a well-known group or organization endorses a product. The endorser lends or “transfers” his/her name to the product so that consumers will buy it. A variation of this technique is the testimonial in which a person or persons who claim to be using a product testify to its effectiveness and benefits.

What can be a very positive marketing technique for many businesses can be made to resemble the presence of the proverbial ‘snake oil salesman’. Consumers know something is wrong even if they can’t always immediately identify what the problem might be.

This process is a bit like attempting to draw a caricature. You blow certain aspects out of proportion and the end result can seem a little cartoonish.

I suppose the one internal regulator for overdoing your marketing strategies would be the rudimentary idea of the Golden Rule. When you treat people the way you want to be treated it can change the way you do business.

Some may contend that adopting a customer first perspective is antithetical to capitalism, but I think it can actually enhance your bottom line long-term.

When you develop a business with the focus on what you can get from other people you will likely need to keep recruiting new people to feed your personal need for capital. However, when you focus your time and energy on defining and meeting the needs of customers you are likely to discover those customers come back. In essence you can concentrate on building relationships and less on finding people who have never heard of you before.

In an online environment there seems to be a strategy of finding a new name and developing a new site with new products when a business has exhausted the goodwill of people who recognize their business by sight and rejects the heavy handed and less than reputable mode of marketing.

The feeling is if they can represent themselves as something altogether new then old customers might come back oblivious to the ruse.

The problem with this mindset is that the business owner always has to try to be one step ahead of total disaster. Big promises may be made, but the truth is often less acceptable than the fictional account of customer satisfaction.

I think one of the most interesting marketing techniques I’ve encountered is when an existing, but less than reputable site develops secondary sites to help bring customers in. This isn’t some strange affiliate revenue idea it is building sites that represent themselves as consumer research or medical sites. The content focuses on the primary products the business owner is selling and will rank the business as number one. This is supplemented by testimonials and expert analysis.

The problem is the consumer research site is biased because the consumer research site is owned and developed by the very business it ranked at number one. Essentially the business site becomes their own personal relations firm by creating sites that are designed to pat them on the back. Most of the time buyers are unaware of the link.

Many times I have run across a product and I want to know more about it. I do a quick online search and ultimately find a site that is endorsing the product and often reads like a press release for the company. This is typically a red flag for me and should be a caution for consumers as well. This concept remains a primary example of obsessive marketing practices.

When planning on building a network think about the places and the people that you already know and use what and whom you know to build the foundation of your new network.

Consider the places that you visit; the nightclub, the bowling alley, your college or the office, just for example, and use these opportunities to make new friends and invite them into your network. Don't forget to get their full name, email address and/or phone number, because this information will become part of the value of your network of friends and potential business partnerships.

Now, consider you friends and family and family friends, because these are people that you know on a personal basis and you know who they really are and what they really do. If you were building a network to exchange information about skilled trades such as; plumbing, painting, roofing, etc., then if you already know the person that you are dealing with, then you would automatically know where this person would fit in best in your network. The same would be true no matter what kind of network that you start.

Some people believe that any good network really needs is the person's name and a way to reach them and that pretty much sums it up. Whether your communication method is dialing a cell phone or sending an email or airmailing a message on the leg of a carrier pigeon, the object is still the same - make contact at all costs.

On the Internet, there are hundreds of ways to meet new people and make new friends, but when setting up a network you really need to fill it with people that will bring the results that you are expecting. You can always build more than one network with each focused on your other interests.

To setup a network using the Internet, all one really needs is a working email address (it is suggested that you use a secondary email address and avoid using your primary email address for networking purposes). Once you have established an email address to use for your network, then you need to join a forum, social network “MySpace or Facebook” (for example) or start playing live action games, where there are other players that you can communicate with while playing the games together.

You need to locate places where you will be able to meet the type of people that your network needs to have a solid foundation and yield the results that meets or exceeds you're marketing expectation.

Networking is all about people and any successful Networker will tell you the importance to be where people are and if you are not where people are, then move yourself to the places that they are at. Do not expect people to seek you out to join your network. It's your network, so you should be the “Seeker”.

If you ever meet a person that you feel uncomfortable being around and no matter how important you think the person, just pass on adding those types of people to any network that you might start. It is always more important that you put your safety first and move yourself to a safe well-lit place. If the person is on the Internet, just change your email or avoid the places where this person knows who you are.

What does a writer have in common with a multinational cookware manufacturer? Both have created products to sell to the public. The cookware manufacturer normally charges upfront for their cooking products and the writer's products are generally free to read on the Internet, but the writer does get paid from advertisers who have purchased ads from third-party advertising brokers. The readers are not required to pay to read their favorite authors' writings.

When writing an article title to publisher on the Internet, it really should be written using descriptive words and phrases. If you have written a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) article about building birdhouses, then which of these article titles would draw your attention to it:

“How to Build a Birdhouse”

”Build Your Own Birdhouse In Six Easy Steps”

”Build an Awesome 5-Star Birdhouse Using Only Toothpicks”

Of course, we are assuming that the building instructions require toothpicks in the construction process.

The first article title is a very basic example that is written using the direct approach, but employs no high value descriptive keywords in the title.

The second article title is a bit more descriptive than the first article title, but does not pack a powerful enough punch to make the first impression memorable. The best keyword used in this title is the word “Easy”. This word alone would attract more readers to stop to read more. People just have a thing for learning easy things.

The third article title is very attractive as it uses three good keywords that if used together can create powerful results. The first keyword in the title is “Awesome”, the second keyword is “5-Star”, and the third and final keyword is “Toothpicks” and it is the last keyword that creates the curiosity factor, which is a powerful marketing tool within itself.

The “Awesome” keyword, tells the audience that this article is better than the rest. Using the “5-Star” descriptive word combination, informs your audience that the birdhouse are high quality and the third keyword “Toothpicks”, generates curiosity, because toothpicks are usually not a traditional constructing material.

Writing a winning article title for the Internet publishing market is kind of kin to how newspapers write their frontpage news headlines that are commonly larger than life. Boring titles will not take a writer anywhere, but add a splash of personality and showmanship, and then you are writing like a true Internet copyrighter.

Winning article titles do need a little seasoning and planning to write successfully, but adding too much extra flavoring to the descriptive word flow could cause a mess to happen. Avoid making too powerful of statements when writing your article titles and do not write an article title that does not have anything to do with the article that you have written. This is considered being deceptive and you as a writer will lose your credibility and your online reputation will be damaged in the process.

Colors are seen as variable that can be changed or accentuated to tempt customers to buy the product. Marketing techniques have always been associated with colors. Consumers sometimes buy goods based on their sensitivity to the product. Colors are known to increase a person's sensitivity. The person's experience and group influence to great extent his/her sensitivities to the color.

Color, in essence, has a degree of universality to it. For instance, red is seen to represent love, passion and fire while blue conjures images of cold and ice.

A survey conducted by marketing psychologist revealed interesting results that further support the importance of colors in marketing. It was found out that, among the five senses, the sense of sight stimulates the highest degree of customers' interests. This accounts for 87% of the survey. The sense of hearing is the far second at 7%, sense of touch at 3%, sense of smell at 2% and sense of taste at 1%.

Using color in marketing should be done with caution because marketing techniques based on colors could spell success or failure for the company. Successful color marketing is best exemplified by the iMac by Apple Inc. and M&M's.

iMac was sold in five colors : strawberry, blueberry, grape, tangerine and lime in 1997. The first six weeks, iMac shipped 278,000 unites making it the fastest selling Macintosh product. The unique colors of the iMac computer distinguished it from the pack. The colors chosen are also associated with favorite flavors and taste which make them more tempting. The colors distracted the customers from associating the iMac computer to a machine. The same rule applies to the M&M's chocolates which come in 21 different colors. The eye-catching colors of M&M's lure loyal customers to the product.

Just as there are positive reactions to colors, there are some products that failed due to negative reactions to it too. Take for instance, Pepsi's Crystal Pepsi and Hyundai's Accent. Pepsi's "Crystal Pepsi" removed its popular dark brown color in its drink to instill the idea of "purity" which was a popular concept in the 1990's. This however failed to elicit the positive response they expected because it changed Pepsi's original taste. Hyundai used primary colors instead of the popular black, white and silver colors for its car. This did not appeal to the customers' taste leading to marked drop in sales. Changing colors to be unique did not work for these famous brands because the colors are part of their unique appeal which made them popular in the first place. It is important to keep in mind that the colors of the products should match the customers' wants in order to make color marketing a success.

In a recent research study commissioned by the on-line recruitment company ifoundwork.com undertaken by Extra Sensory Perception Limited, over 50 key industry sector recruiters in the UK were tele-researched. Specifically, they were asked about the traits that they find most appealing and repulsive in an applicant. When asked about what made a negative impression on them during the interview process certain key trends were revealed. The eight traits below are the things that most annoyed prospective employers and killed off any chance of the applicant being successful.

Job applicant's who want the best chance of impressing a prospective employer, should review the eight traits below and avoid them - like the plague! To arrive at this "things not to do in an interview" list, the employer were asked “Of the people you last interviewed and rejected, how could you tell that they were not really suited to the position?” The verbatim answers given were then clustered into generic areas. Applicant qualifications and relevant experience were excluded from the sample, so only the impression left from the interview process was counted. It's the remaining trends and statements from the general clusters that counted towards the eight traits.

The What Not To Do Traits

1. Demonstrate lack of interest or enthusiasm.
2. Present themselves in an unkempt, untidy or unsuitable or manner.
3. Be uncommunicative, especially in the first 2 minutes of the interview.
4. Have few or no interpersonal or rapport skills, specifically eye contact.
5. Having trouble completing application forms.
6. Being late for the interview and do not making reasonable efforts to inform the interviewer.
7. Having expectations of a position beyond their ability.
8. Demonstrate a negative attitude toward past employers.

The demonstration of any one of these traits could prove be a disaster, but typically it took three or more to be fatal to the applicant's chances. So, avoiding any of these simple pitfalls will improve the applicant's chance of being successful and securing that perfect job. A full copy of the research findings is available as a free pdf download from www.virtual-therapist.com. Either way simply avoiding the “what not to do” list will provide the best opportunity of becoming one of the 6-7% of applicants who are successful - whatever the economic outlook. Good Luck!

1. Teachers need study the network of children's needs in order to understand the nature of needs and how to meet such needs, which in turn, will serve as motivating forces
2. Teachers need to provide incentives to encourage students to learn. These incentives can involve due praises, rewards, commendations, helping students to see the value of learning or education for future occupations and effective living generally.
3. The learning materials or tasks should be too difficult for age, educational experience and ability of children. Teachers should find something every child in class can do that makes him proud of himself.
4. The knowledge of progress (feedback) can stimulate a student to work harder. This feedback should not be delayed unduly.
5. Children need social approval. Teachers can therefore boost student's ego by praising and commending for good performance from time to time, especially good performance in social, non-academic realms.
6. The teacher can at times deprive students of certain needs so as to make students to work hard to meet such deprived needs. Deprivation is a form of motivation but should be carefully handled so that it will not result in punishment.
7. Teachers can appease certain needs through promoting healthy competition in the class. Ruthless and savage competition frustrates rather than aids or motivates. If a high premium is placed on achievement, most students will see the need of competing keenly in doing well in school. But when competition is too intense, it leads to emotional disturbances for those who cannot cope.
8. Reinforcement of behaviors that are desirable, positive and goal-directed. Motivational forces can be negative too and result in negative responses. Teachers should discern positive behaviors and reinforce them accordingly so that such behaviors can represent themselves.
9. Teachers should introduce the different and the new (novel) from time to time to arouse students. Methods of teaching should vary and seek new and different but relevant materials.
10. Teachers can invigorate the learner's behavior by grading the task in such a way that the learner moves from the simple, known to the complex and novel. In this way, the beginning may look familiar and relatively easy to encourage the learner to move on into deeper waters

These ten techniques are supposed to assuage the restlessness caused by unsatisfied need. The major task of the teacher is to understand the need of the learner and use that understanding to motivate learners towards goal attainment.

It’s a fact that preparation can make the difference between successful offer, or disappointment and rejection. One easy method of preparation is to rehearse the interview in your imagination, before the event, using the Successful Outcome Visualisation Technique. As the name suggests it’s a process where you visualise the event and its successful outcome a number of times, in your head, prior to the interview. The repetition of the successful outcome actually programmes the mind to automatically reproduce the actions and behaviours that are most likely to produce your desired outcome.

This technique is used by many top athletes to help them maintain a competitive edge, so why shouldn’t you take advantage of it? Cognitive psychology has shown that this technique actually conditions the unconscious mind, which is responsible for, amongst other things, motor control and speech. By repeating an imaginary process the unconscious mind is trained how to react when a similar real-life situation arises. And it works. The Successful Outcome Visualisation Technique can improve performance by 15 to 25%. This may not sound like much but often the difference between winning and losing can be measured in percentages of percentage points. For example in the last Olympics the difference between the Gold medal winner and the eighth place athlete was just 1.8%. In most interview situations there are no prizes for coming second.

Although this technique has a grand sounding name, in reality many people naturally use this technique on a daily basis without ever realising it. Running through a scenario prior to it happening is a natural process. Often its misuse produces the exact situation that we wish to avoid. If you have ever heard someone, before attempting something stressful or difficult say something like “I’m no good at this”, or “I know this will end badly” then they have already imagined the outcome of the event, and come to that conclusion. Not surprisingly, these people rarely excel themselves and do really well.

Rehearse for success.

So, to start, find yourself somewhere comfortable, where you won’t be disturbed. Sit down, take a few deep breaths to relax and then close your eyes. After a few moments, imagine the scenario just prior to the interview. Notice that you feel confident, self assured and relaxed. If you don’t see yourself as totally comfortable then just remember this is your visualisation so you can control exactly how you feel. If there is anything you don’t like then change it. Then only when you are ready, imagine walking into the interview. See yourself feeling friendly and relaxed answering all of the questions easily and confidently.

Imagine yourself having a rapport and empathy with the interviewer. Imagine yourself asking intelligent and relevant questions. Imagine the interview going really well and during this process perhaps you might become an observer watching yourself in the interview. If so, notice how you feel, what you see, how you sound and what you say. Notice the positive effect this has on the interviewer. During this process, make a note of the positive and use the visualisation to change the negative. Remember you are the projectionist of this movie so you can freeze frame, rewind and reply any part of it until you are happy. Finally visualise yourself walking out knowing you did the very best you could, feeling good about the experience.

For maximum effect, run through the Successful Outcome Visualisation Technique at least three times before the interview and you will be amazed at the difference it makes to your performance on the day. If you have trouble visualising, then I suggest you download a guided version of the technique. Just Google online, self-help, therapy, interview, success, visualisation and you find sites like virtual-therapist.com that have some useful advice as well as a range of Interview Success downloads to aid the process. Remember the difference between success and failure is often the amount of preparation you put in beforehand. And the amount and type of preparation is one of the things you have total control over. So ultimately you can prepare for success, so why not take action now and tip the balance in your favour?